The Portuguese, since whom they had initiated the conquest of the Amazônia, had the biggest presence of indians of the nation tucujus in the region understood between the river Jari and the left margin of Amazon, since the Paru until the estuary, had started to call it Land of the Tucujus or Tucujulândia.
The Portuguese fixing in this region, in fact, started in 1688, formed for the garrison of $fortaleza de Santo Antonio, but the signature of the Provisional Dealt one with France, in 4 of March of 1700, had after been obliged to abandon it even though, because this agreement determined the neutralization, forbidding that Portuguese or French colonists if established in the region.
The Provisional Treated one was ratified in 18 to July to 1701, being hanging the question of limits. But the Frenchmen had not respected it and had continued incursionando for the region. The Portuguese had protested and annulled the two agreements, at the same time where they appealed to its England allied, so that she intervined, aiming at to a negotiated solution of the question.
In Holland, under the mediation of the English queen Anne, in 11 of April of 1713, occurred the signature of Treat to Ultrecht between Portugal and the France, that the river Oiapoque established as limit between Brazil and the French Guyana.
The signature of the Treated one to Ultrecht, even so correct and just was understood by paths of the French society as condescending, come to influence the governing of the Guyana French, that would not respect this agreement, determining incursions in the area. The height of these onslaughts, occurred when that Colony governed, Claude d'Orvilhers, with aboriginal French privateers imprisoning to enslave them. They were fought, but without efficiency. When the captain-general, João of the Mayan of Gamma, in 19 of July of 1722, assumed the government of the State of the Maranhão and Grain-Pará, the French onslaughts had started to be fought of more intense form. In the period of 1723 the 1728, beyond the routine dispatchings bodyguards, that covered the coast, this governor commanded four great military dispatchings the region, commanded for the capitães João Paes of the Amaral, Francisco de Mello Vane, Diogo Pinto of the Gaya and Francisco Xavier Botero, who had not arrived to fight invaders, however had made as that the French invasions on the native setentrião were reduced substantially.
Foundation of Macapá
Assured to the Portuguese the domain on situated lands between the rivers Amazon and Oiapoque, the same ones had come back if to establish in the region, in 1738, locating in Macapá a military detachment. It governed the State of the Maranhão and Grain-Pará, João of Abreu C. Branco, who conserved it until the end of its government, in August of 1747, without nothing to make for its development due to financial features and interest of the Portuguese Crown. This governor, arrived to insist on the urgency of the implementation of the povoamento and blockhouse of the Estuary of Amazon.
Francisco Peter de Mendonça Gurjão, its successor, renewed these claims, but the only step taken for D. João with relation to the region, was officially to call it, in 1748, of Province of the Tucujus or Tucujulândia, without that the administrative condition was modified it. One was so only about geographic delimitation, objectifying planning strategical military of defense of the area, and control on the aboriginal nations that inhabited it, for its scanning as man power and use in the combat against foreign invaders.
To the governor Francisco Xavier de Stolen Mendonça, however, the task fit to implement the settling of the region. The government of the State of the Maranhão and Grain-Pará in 24 of September of 1751 assumed, and already in December the Macapá under command of the sergeant-mor organized a dispatching João Baptist of the Release, constituted. of soldiers and mainly, colonists of the Island of the Açores. The garrison commander of, Manoel Pereira de Abreu and priest had been recepcionados by Miguel Ângelo de Morais who was in conflict, because. the military man refused itself in taking care of to the order and requests of the priest, also of feed.
The town quickly progressed, but the insalubridade of the place became a serious problem to be faced by the colonists. In 1752, an epidemic of cólera grassou in Macapá. The notice arrived the Belém, and in 7 of March of this year, unexpectedly, Mendonça Stolen the only doctor arrived in port in the population, bringing who had in the Captainship and medicines, obtaining to control the disease.
Stolen Mendonça, in the beginning of February of 1758, arrived in port again in Macapá with numerous comitiva. It was in mission of landmark of borders of the Colony with pertaining lands to Spain, in the Amazon region, defined for the Treated one to Madrid, signed in 1750. Lode to raise the town to the category of village. In day 2 of February, the City council started with the steps, creating and installing the councilmen Pereira Sundays Cardoso, Feliciano de Sousa Betancort, Francisco Espindola de Betancort, Antonio of Cunha Davel, Thomé Francisco de Betancort and Simão Caetano Leivo.
In the course of a solemnity, in day 4 of February, Stolen Mendonça it changed the administrative category of the town of Macapá, raising it it the condition of Village of Are Jose de Macapá.
Almost a century of Amapá
E m, 1º of December of 1998, completed 98 years of the Swiss Finding, the document that, signed for the government of the Switzerland - country that decided the question of the Contested Franc-Brazilian - gave prevailing to Brazil of the Question of the Amapá.
The history properly said of the Contested Franc-Brazilian starts, in the reality, with the neutralization of the area, from 1841. The area in litigation starts to be that situated one between the rivers Oiapoque and Small Amapá. With this, nor Portugal nor France would have rights on the area, until the doubts and divergences on border could be wasted. E for this, in 1853 had retaken ballot box of the negotiations: the Visconde of Uruguay, Paolino Jose de Souza, sufficiently respected in the jurisprudence of the Empire, is nominated for the first states. In this year, they had happened innumerable, but unfruitful negotiations with the famous French juisconsult, His de Butenval. Butenval " did not arredava the feet " of the thesis of that the River of Vicente Pinzón mentioned in Utrecht (1713) was, in fact, the Araguari.
Republic of the Cunani
In 1857, four years later, a new attempt: the captain-lieutenant Jose of Costa Ladário, representative of Brazil, does not obtain to intimidate its French opponent, Mr. Carpentier. Therefore, he did not have advances. Of 1857 the 1885, the region passes to be visited by mercantile and adventurers of some nationalities. In 1885 the romancista and member of the Society of French Commercial Geography, Jules Gross, create, with its assistant, the caricata and ephemeral Republic of Cunani. The attitude of Gross was not impasse so that the French government allowed its creation in the area of the Contested one. But the end of republiqueta was soon intentionally.
One Second attempt is placed in practical in 1902, when Adolph Brezet tried to continue the plans of Gross. Of this time, who was the Brazilian government freiou its spirits.
Race of the Gold
In 1893 (some mention 1894) the spirits pass if to speed up more in the region of the Contested one. Two Brazilian and natural goldwashers of Curuçá-Pará, the brothers Germano and Firmino Ribeiro, after as much seek, had discovered gold in the basin of the river Calçoene. This caused a true race without precedents, invading the region adventurers of all the nationalities. The discovery of the related metal also provoked an unordered growth, also magnifying the violence and the problems of health, consequenciados for the sanitation lack. The incontentamento grassou in all the region, crossing borders.
Sage of the finding of the gold, the governor of the French Guyana, Mr . Charvein, soon took care of to place a representative of France there. Thus, Eugene Voissien is chosen to assume the function of commission agent of the contested region. With this exemption, Voissien starts to fiscalize the region all thus facilitating the work of collection of the gold, that was deviated for the French side, that if arvorava in the collection of high taxes of taxes. This period, that goes of December of 1893 until November of 1894 is, for some Brazilians a period of intranquilidade, therefore incontá veis times some goldwashers had been imprisoned by Voissien, that alleged in its lacks pr á tica of the contraband. Others found that such den ú ncias were empty, defending a little the argued imparcialidade of Charvein.
The reacation of Brazilians n ão had delayed, congregating it popula ção to nominate, there, a government triúnviro under presid ê ncia of cô denies Maltez Sundays, having as its assistant, Fertile valley Cabral and Desidério Antonio Coelho These decis ão of the Triunvirato were an idea of a river Antonio Coelho, who before was nominated to direct conducted it ão; but it thought it who this could be efficient with the nomea ção of three people. How much the Voissien, it if contented with the position honor í is of Captain Honorário of the Defending Army of the Amapá.
In 1895 â we nimos if they had incited, provoking in 15 of May, a ' French invasion ', under the command of Captain Lunier, to the Amapá. The paraense Francisco Xavier of the Cabral Fertile valley (the Cabralzinho) was who managed the withdrawal of the ' invaders ', sagrando itself, with the fact?Herói of the Amapá? 1897, a term of commitment signed in Rio De Janeiro, 10 of April, for the commission agents of Brazil (Minister Gabriel and Piza) and of France, trusted resolu çã of Contested á the arbitration of the president of the Confedera çã Switzerland, Walter Hauser, and Barã lawyer of the Rio Branco (Jose Maria Da Silva Paranhos), experienced specialist in quest õ es of borders, is chosen to defend Brazil. This incubency was trusted, first, the Ruy Barbosa, but this hesitated in assuming quest ã, indicating as the most experienced one than it in these subjects, its colleague Bar ã of the Rio Branco. AP ó sin ú mere studies and conferences, the sentence was sharp for the Swiss government, three years later, istoé; in 1º of December of 1900, fixing to Brazil the definitive ownership of I conducted ã the contested one, that one placed between the Oiapoque and the Araguari. The date of lº of December was consolidated as the birth of the Amapá as integrativa territorial part.